Pesticide-Contaminated Soils in Sudan: Environmental Fate, Microbial Biodegradation and Sustainable Remediation Strategies

Elgaber, Alshfa Khalid Abdalla és Yasin, Emad Hassan Elawad és Czimber, Kornél (2026) Pesticide-Contaminated Soils in Sudan: Environmental Fate, Microbial Biodegradation and Sustainable Remediation Strategies. In: Contaminated Soils - Remediation Technologies for Sustainable Environment. IntechOpen, London, pp. 1-37. ISBN 9781806317394; 9781806317400; 9781806317387

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Pesticides play a central role in agriculture by enhancing crop productivity; however, their intensive and poorly regulated use has raised environmental and health concerns, particularly in Sudan, where monitoring and management systems remain limited. Inappropriate application, unsafe handling, weak enforcement, and insufficient farmer training increase the risks of soil and water contamination, pesticide residues in food, biodiversity loss, and human exposure. These challenges are intensified by limited laboratory capacity, inadequate disposal practices, and scarce national data on pesticide use and environmental contamination. Strengthening regulatory enforcement, environmental monitoring, farmer awareness, and sustainable pest-management practices is essential to protect ecosystems, public health, and long-term agricultural productivity. This chapter synthesizes current knowledge on pesticide-contaminated soils in Sudan, focusing on environmental fate, soil–microbe interactions, microbial biodegradation, and sustainable remediation approaches. Key processes governing pesticide behavior in soil, including adsorption, desorption, leaching, volatilization, chemical transformation, and biodegradation, are examined in relation to soil physicochemical properties, climatic conditions, and microbial activity. These interacting factors regulate pesticide mobility, persistence, and bioavailability under semi-arid conditions. Evidence indicates that pesticides can significantly alter soil microbial biomass, diversity, and metabolic functions, with direct implications for soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem stability. Atrazine is presented as a representative case study because of its persistence, mobility, and ecological relevance. Microbial biodegradation is identified as the primary and most sustainable pathway for pesticide dissipation. The chapter further highlights bioremediation, phytoremediation, and integrated soil-management strategies, alongside the need for improved regulation, greater farmer awareness, and wider adoption of integrated pest management (IPM).

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